Team:University of Ottawa/Modeling/Parameters

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Line 12: Line 12:
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">3.85e-3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">3.85e-3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1] observed division rate</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1] observed division rate</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">N<sub>max</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">N<sub>max</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e8</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e8</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">V</font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">V</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e-11</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e-11</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dil</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dil</sub></font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>IP  
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>IP  
   binding to receptor</b></font></td></tr>
   binding to receptor</b></font></td></tr>
Line 28: Line 28:
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dissoc</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dissoc</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.55e-3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.55e-3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Synthesis  
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Synthesis  
   of CRE1, YPD1, SKN7 species</b></font></td></tr>
   of CRE1, YPD1, SKN7 species</b></font></td></tr>
Line 37: Line 37:
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s1</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s1</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6.16e-5</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6.16e-5</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s2</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s2</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6.00e-4</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6.00e-4</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s3</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s3</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.46e-4</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.46e-4</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dimer</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dimer</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">20</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">20</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
-
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Phosphorylation/<WBR>Dephosphorylation  
+
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation  
   reactions</b></font></td></tr>
   reactions</b></font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p1</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p1</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">0.1</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">0.1</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p2</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p2</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1243</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1243</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p3</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p3</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">56</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">56</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p-3</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p-3</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.8</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.8</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp1</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp1</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.33e-2</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.33e-2</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp3</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp3</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.89e-3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.89e-3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp3</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp3</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.80e-3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.80e-3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Decay  
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Decay  
   constants</b></font></td></tr>
   constants</b></font></td></tr>
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   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.33e-2</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.33e-2</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>d2</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>d2</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.89e-3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.89e-3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>d3</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>d3</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.80e-3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.80e-3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dip</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dip</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-4</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-4</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dgfp</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dgfp</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.77e-3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.77e-3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dtet</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dtet</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">3.85e-3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">3.85e-3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">Cell division rate (assumed stable)</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">Cell division rate (assumed stable)</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dckx</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dckx</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">&lt;=3.85e-3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">&lt;=3.85e-3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">Cell division rate, or lower if diffusion  
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">Cell division rate, or lower if diffusion  
   is significant.</font></td></tr>
   is significant.</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Basal  
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Basal  
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   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6e-6</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6e-6</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">adapted from [1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">adapted from [1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>tdim</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>tdim</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">arbitrary</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">arbitrary</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Induced  
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Induced  
   expression</b></font></td></tr>
   expression</b></font></td></tr>
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   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6e-3</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6e-3</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">adapted from [1]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">adapted from [1]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>tet</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>tet</sub></font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>ckx</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>ckx</sub></font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>g,</sub> K<sub>t, </sub>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>g,</sub> K<sub>t, </sub>
   K<sub>c</sub></font></td>
   K<sub>c</sub></font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria" align="center">-</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria" align="center">-</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">α<sub>g, </sub>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">α<sub>g, </sub>
   α<sub>t</sub> α<sub>c</sub> </font></td>
   α<sub>t</sub> α<sub>c</sub> </font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>i</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>i</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-6</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-6</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>ass</sub> = 2e11 M<sup>-1</sup>  
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>ass</sub> = 2e11 M<sup>-1</sup>  
-
   [2, 3]</font></td></tr>
+
   [2], [3]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">β</font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">β</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>ipt4</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>ipt4</sub></font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
-
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>IPT4 enzyme kinetics</b></font></td>
+
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>IPT4 enzyme kinetics</b></font></td></tr>
-
  <td> </td>
+
    
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
+
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>sip</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>sip</sub></font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">Varied</font></td>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>CKX  
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>CKX  
Line 159: Line 158:
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>m</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>m</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">40 µM</font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">40 µM</font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[ ]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[4]</font></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>cat</sub></font></td>
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>cat</sub></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">0.5-1000 s<sup>-1</sup></font></td>
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">0.5-1000 s<sup>-1</sup></font></td>
-
   <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[ ], [ ]</font></td></tr>
+
   <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[5], [6]</font></td></tr>
</table>
</table>
</html>
</html>
Line 169: Line 168:
='''References'''=
='''References'''=
-
Weiss, R. and M.-T. Chen (2005). "Artificial cell-cell communication in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using signaling elements from Arabidopsis thaliana." Nature Biotechnology 23(12): 1551-1555.
+
# Weiss, R. and M.-T. Chen (2005). "Artificial cell-cell communication in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using signaling elements from Arabidopsis thaliana." Nature Biotechnology 23(12): 1551-1555.
 +
# Hillen, W. and C. Berens (1994). "Mechanisms underlying expression of Tn10 encoded tetracycline resistance." Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 48: 345-369.
 +
#Kleinschmidt, C., K. Tovar, et al. (1987). "Dynamics of repressor-operator recognition:Tn10 encoded tetracycline resistance control." Biochemistry 27: 1094-1104.
 +
# Schmulling T, Werner T, Riefler M, Krupkova E, Bartrina y Manns I (2003) Structure and function of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase genes of maize, rice, Arabidopsis and other species. J Plant Res 116:241-252
 +
# Laskey, J.G., P. Patterson, et al. (2003). "Rate enhancement of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase using 2,6-dichloroindophenol as an electron acceptor." Plant Growth Regulation 40: 189–196.
 +
# Frebortova, J., M.W. Fraaije, et al. (2004). "Catalytic reaction of cytokinin dehydrogenase: preference for quinones as electron acceptors." Biochem. J. 380: 121–130.
 +
 
-
Hillen, W. and C. Berens (1994). "Mechanisms underlying expression of Tn10 encoded tetracycline resistance." Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 48: 345-369.
 
-
Kleinschmidt, C., K. Tovar, et al. (1987). "Dynamics of repressor-operator recognition:Tn10 encoded tetracycline resistance control." Biochemistry 27: 1094-1104.
 
-
 
Blake, W., G. Balazsi, et al. (2006). "Phenotypic consequences of promoter-mediated transcriptional noise." Molecular Cell 24: 853-865.
Blake, W., G. Balazsi, et al. (2006). "Phenotypic consequences of promoter-mediated transcriptional noise." Molecular Cell 24: 853-865.

Latest revision as of 00:56, 29 October 2008

Values in µM, min, and mL unless specified.

Parameter Value Source
Population and culture
kn 3.85e-3 [1] observed division rate
Nmax 1e8 [1]
V 1e-11 [1]
kdil varied [1]
IP binding to receptor
kassoc 5e-3 [1]
kdissoc 4.55e-3 [1]
Synthesis of CRE1, YPD1, SKN7 species
ks1 6.16e-5 [1]
ks2 6.00e-4 [1]
ks3 2.46e-4 [1]
kdimer 20 [1]
Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation reactions
kp1 0.1 [1]
kp2 1243 [1]
kp3 56 [1]
kp-3 4.8 [1]
kdp1 5.33e-2 [1]
kdp3 2.89e-3 [1]
kdp3 4.80e-3 [1]
Decay constants
kd1 5.33e-2 [1]
kd2 2.89e-3 [1]
kd3 4.80e-3 [1]
kdip 5e-4 [1]
kdgfp 5.77e-3 [1]
kdtet 3.85e-3 Cell division rate (assumed stable)
kdckx <=3.85e-3 Cell division rate, or lower if diffusion is significant.
Basal expression
kbgfp, kbtet, kbckx 6e-6 adapted from [1]
ktdim 1e3 arbitrary
Induced expression
kgfp 6e-3 adapted from [1]
ktet varied -
kckx varied -
Kg, Kt, Kc varied -
αg, αt αc varied -
Ki 5e-6 Kass = 2e11 M-1 [2], [3]
β varied -
kipt4 varied -
IPT4 enzyme kinetics
ksip varied -
CKX enzyme kinetics
Km 40 µM [4]
kcat 0.5-1000 s-1 [5], [6]

References

  1. Weiss, R. and M.-T. Chen (2005). "Artificial cell-cell communication in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using signaling elements from Arabidopsis thaliana." Nature Biotechnology 23(12): 1551-1555.
  2. Hillen, W. and C. Berens (1994). "Mechanisms underlying expression of Tn10 encoded tetracycline resistance." Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 48: 345-369.
  3. Kleinschmidt, C., K. Tovar, et al. (1987). "Dynamics of repressor-operator recognition:Tn10 encoded tetracycline resistance control." Biochemistry 27: 1094-1104.
  4. Schmulling T, Werner T, Riefler M, Krupkova E, Bartrina y Manns I (2003) Structure and function of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase genes of maize, rice, Arabidopsis and other species. J Plant Res 116:241-252
  5. Laskey, J.G., P. Patterson, et al. (2003). "Rate enhancement of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase using 2,6-dichloroindophenol as an electron acceptor." Plant Growth Regulation 40: 189–196.
  6. Frebortova, J., M.W. Fraaije, et al. (2004). "Catalytic reaction of cytokinin dehydrogenase: preference for quinones as electron acceptors." Biochem. J. 380: 121–130.


Blake, W., G. Balazsi, et al. (2006). "Phenotypic consequences of promoter-mediated transcriptional noise." Molecular Cell 24: 853-865.