Team:University of Ottawa/Modeling/Parameters
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(New page: <html> <p><font size="3" face="Calibri">Values in µM, min, and mL unless specified.</font></p> <div align="left"> <table width="529" border="2" cellspacing="0"> <tr valign="top"><td><fon...) |
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<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">3.85e-3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">3.85e-3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1] observed division rate</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1] observed division rate</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">N<sub>max</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">N<sub>max</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e8</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e8</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">V</font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">V</font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e-11</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e-11</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dil</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dil</sub></font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> |
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>IP | <tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>IP | ||
binding to receptor</b></font></td></tr> | binding to receptor</b></font></td></tr> | ||
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<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dissoc</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dissoc</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.55e-3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.55e-3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Synthesis | <tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Synthesis | ||
of CRE1, YPD1, SKN7 species</b></font></td></tr> | of CRE1, YPD1, SKN7 species</b></font></td></tr> | ||
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<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s1</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s1</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6.16e-5</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6.16e-5</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s2</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s2</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6.00e-4</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6.00e-4</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s3</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>s3</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.46e-4</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.46e-4</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dimer</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dimer</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">20</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">20</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
- | <tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Phosphorylation/ | + | <tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation |
reactions</b></font></td></tr> | reactions</b></font></td></tr> | ||
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p1</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p1</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">0.1</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">0.1</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p2</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p2</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1243</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1243</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p3</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p3</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">56</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">56</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p-3</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>p-3</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.8</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.8</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp1</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp1</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.33e-2</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.33e-2</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp3</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp3</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.89e-3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.89e-3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp3</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dp3</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.80e-3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.80e-3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Decay | <tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Decay | ||
constants</b></font></td></tr> | constants</b></font></td></tr> | ||
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<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.33e-2</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.33e-2</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>d2</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>d2</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.89e-3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">2.89e-3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>d3</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>d3</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.80e-3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">4.80e-3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dip</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dip</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-4</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-4</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dgfp</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dgfp</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.77e-3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5.77e-3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dtet</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dtet</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">3.85e-3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">3.85e-3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">Cell division rate (assumed stable)</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">Cell division rate (assumed stable)</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dckx</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>dckx</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria"><=3.85e-3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria"><=3.85e-3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">Cell division rate, or lower if diffusion | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">Cell division rate, or lower if diffusion |
is significant.</font></td></tr> | is significant.</font></td></tr> | ||
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Basal | <tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Basal | ||
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<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6e-6</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6e-6</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">adapted from [1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">adapted from [1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>tdim</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>tdim</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">1e3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">arbitrary</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">arbitrary</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Induced | <tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>Induced | ||
expression</b></font></td></tr> | expression</b></font></td></tr> | ||
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<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6e-3</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">6e-3</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">adapted from [1]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">adapted from [1]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>tet</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>tet</sub></font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> |
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>ckx</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>ckx</sub></font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> |
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>g,</sub> K<sub>t, </sub> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>g,</sub> K<sub>t, </sub> | ||
K<sub>c</sub></font></td> | K<sub>c</sub></font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> |
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria" align="center">-</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">α<sub>g, </sub> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">α<sub>g, </sub> | ||
α<sub>t</sub> α<sub>c</sub> </font></td> | α<sub>t</sub> α<sub>c</sub> </font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> |
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>i</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>i</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-6</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">5e-6</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>ass</sub> = 2e11 M<sup>-1</sup> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>ass</sub> = 2e11 M<sup>-1</sup> |
- | [ ]</font></td></tr> | + | [2], [3]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">β</font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">β</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> |
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>ipt4</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>ipt4</sub></font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> |
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> |
- | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>IPT4 enzyme kinetics</b></font></ | + | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>IPT4 enzyme kinetics</b></font></td></tr> |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>sip</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>sip</sub></font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria"> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">varied</font></td> |
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">-</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>CKX | <tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"><font size="2" face="Cambria"><b>CKX | ||
Line 159: | Line 158: | ||
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>m</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">K<sub>m</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">40 µM</font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">40 µM</font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[ ]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[4]</font></td></tr> |
<tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>cat</sub></font></td> | <tr valign="top"><td><font size="3" face="Cambria">k<sub>cat</sub></font></td> | ||
<td><font size="3" face="Cambria">0.5-1000 s<sup>-1</sup></font></td> | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">0.5-1000 s<sup>-1</sup></font></td> | ||
- | <td><font size="3" face="Cambria">[ ], [ ]</font></td></tr> | + | <td align="center"><font size="3" face="Cambria">[5], [6]</font></td></tr> |
</table> | </table> | ||
</html> | </html> | ||
='''References'''= | ='''References'''= | ||
+ | |||
+ | # Weiss, R. and M.-T. Chen (2005). "Artificial cell-cell communication in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using signaling elements from Arabidopsis thaliana." Nature Biotechnology 23(12): 1551-1555. | ||
+ | # Hillen, W. and C. Berens (1994). "Mechanisms underlying expression of Tn10 encoded tetracycline resistance." Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 48: 345-369. | ||
+ | #Kleinschmidt, C., K. Tovar, et al. (1987). "Dynamics of repressor-operator recognition:Tn10 encoded tetracycline resistance control." Biochemistry 27: 1094-1104. | ||
+ | # Schmulling T, Werner T, Riefler M, Krupkova E, Bartrina y Manns I (2003) Structure and function of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase genes of maize, rice, Arabidopsis and other species. J Plant Res 116:241-252 | ||
+ | # Laskey, J.G., P. Patterson, et al. (2003). "Rate enhancement of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase using 2,6-dichloroindophenol as an electron acceptor." Plant Growth Regulation 40: 189–196. | ||
+ | # Frebortova, J., M.W. Fraaije, et al. (2004). "Catalytic reaction of cytokinin dehydrogenase: preference for quinones as electron acceptors." Biochem. J. 380: 121–130. | ||
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Blake, W., G. Balazsi, et al. (2006). "Phenotypic consequences of promoter-mediated transcriptional noise." Molecular Cell 24: 853-865. | Blake, W., G. Balazsi, et al. (2006). "Phenotypic consequences of promoter-mediated transcriptional noise." Molecular Cell 24: 853-865. | ||
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Latest revision as of 00:56, 29 October 2008
Values in µM, min, and mL unless specified.
Parameter | Value | Source |
Population and culture | ||
kn | 3.85e-3 | [1] observed division rate |
Nmax | 1e8 | [1] |
V | 1e-11 | [1] |
kdil | varied | [1] |
IP binding to receptor | ||
kassoc | 5e-3 | [1] |
kdissoc | 4.55e-3 | [1] |
Synthesis of CRE1, YPD1, SKN7 species | ||
ks1 | 6.16e-5 | [1] |
ks2 | 6.00e-4 | [1] |
ks3 | 2.46e-4 | [1] |
kdimer | 20 | [1] |
Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation reactions | ||
kp1 | 0.1 | [1] |
kp2 | 1243 | [1] |
kp3 | 56 | [1] |
kp-3 | 4.8 | [1] |
kdp1 | 5.33e-2 | [1] |
kdp3 | 2.89e-3 | [1] |
kdp3 | 4.80e-3 | [1] |
Decay constants | ||
kd1 | 5.33e-2 | [1] |
kd2 | 2.89e-3 | [1] |
kd3 | 4.80e-3 | [1] |
kdip | 5e-4 | [1] |
kdgfp | 5.77e-3 | [1] |
kdtet | 3.85e-3 | Cell division rate (assumed stable) |
kdckx | <=3.85e-3 | Cell division rate, or lower if diffusion is significant. |
Basal expression | ||
kbgfp, kbtet, kbckx | 6e-6 | adapted from [1] |
ktdim | 1e3 | arbitrary |
Induced expression | ||
kgfp | 6e-3 | adapted from [1] |
ktet | varied | - |
kckx | varied | - |
Kg, Kt, Kc | varied | - |
αg, αt αc | varied | - |
Ki | 5e-6 | Kass = 2e11 M-1 [2], [3] |
β | varied | - |
kipt4 | varied | - |
IPT4 enzyme kinetics | ||
ksip | varied | - |
CKX enzyme kinetics | ||
Km | 40 µM | [4] |
kcat | 0.5-1000 s-1 | [5], [6] |
References
- Weiss, R. and M.-T. Chen (2005). "Artificial cell-cell communication in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using signaling elements from Arabidopsis thaliana." Nature Biotechnology 23(12): 1551-1555.
- Hillen, W. and C. Berens (1994). "Mechanisms underlying expression of Tn10 encoded tetracycline resistance." Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 48: 345-369.
- Kleinschmidt, C., K. Tovar, et al. (1987). "Dynamics of repressor-operator recognition:Tn10 encoded tetracycline resistance control." Biochemistry 27: 1094-1104.
- Schmulling T, Werner T, Riefler M, Krupkova E, Bartrina y Manns I (2003) Structure and function of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase genes of maize, rice, Arabidopsis and other species. J Plant Res 116:241-252
- Laskey, J.G., P. Patterson, et al. (2003). "Rate enhancement of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase using 2,6-dichloroindophenol as an electron acceptor." Plant Growth Regulation 40: 189–196.
- Frebortova, J., M.W. Fraaije, et al. (2004). "Catalytic reaction of cytokinin dehydrogenase: preference for quinones as electron acceptors." Biochem. J. 380: 121–130.
Blake, W., G. Balazsi, et al. (2006). "Phenotypic consequences of promoter-mediated transcriptional noise." Molecular Cell 24: 853-865.