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| + | '''Q. How did you assemble a team, given that UCSF does not have undergraduates? |
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| + | A. As in 2007, the majority of our 2008 team comes from Abraham Lincoln High, a San Francisco public school. This year, we had two returning students (now undergraduates) from the 2007 team. In addition, we were able to recruit two international students, who were both upper level undergraduates. |
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| - | <o:Author>Wendell Lim</o:Author>
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| + | '''Q. Can high school students really do this work?''' |
| | | | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in'><span
| + | A. Yes. While most high school seniors would not be prepared to take part in iGEM, our students come from the unique Lincoln High Biotechnology class. This course, established by George Cachiannes, and co-taught by Julie Reis, is an intensive, two-year introduction to molecular biology and the business of biotech ([[Team:UCSF/Lincoln High School Curriculum|curriculum can be found here]]). George and Julie select top students from this course to join the team. |
| - | style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><b>Q. How is control of gene
| + | |
| - | expression by chromatin different from control by transcription factors (and
| + | |
| - | what are its advantages)?<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
| + | |
| | | | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in'><span
| + | The key to our high school students’ success in iGEM is that they arrive at UCSF with lab skills equivalent to those of many upper-level undergraduates. While they have not had the advanced coursework of many iGEM participants, they have exceptional creativity, and gravitate towards the engineering challenge that iGEM presents. To round out the experience, we meet weekly for seminars on project-related topics in biology, hold regular journal club discussions, and the students give a number of presentations in preparation for speaking at iGEM. |
| - | style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><b><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><b>A.
| + | |
| - | Chromatin is a completely different level of gene expression control.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Dominant over
| + | |
| - | transcription factors (resistant to noise).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Regional –
| + | |
| - | silences domains, not individual genes (reduces the engineering required for
| + | |
| - | regulation of complex multi-gene systems).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Memory–Alteration
| + | |
| - | in gene expression lasts for multiple generations (epigenetic control).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Intrinsically bistable,
| + | |
| - | i.e. all-or-none expression (increases parameter space over which circuits are
| + | |
| - | predicted to be stable).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in'><span
| + | |
| - | style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><b>Q. What applications could this
| + | |
| - | type of synthetic chromatin control system be used for?<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><b><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><b>A. To
| + | |
| - | stably and permanently switch cells between different states characterized by
| + | |
| - | significant differences in gene expression (i.e. cellular differentiation).<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo7;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>In
| + | |
| - | bio-production–for coordinated switching between a growth phase and a
| + | |
| - | production phase.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo9;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>In
| + | |
| - | bio-production–to differentiate a clonal population of cells into a
| + | |
| - | distribution of subtypes that function cooperatively (“factory” with different
| + | |
| - | specialized “workers”).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>To reprogram cell fate
| + | |
| - | in a highly specific manner (e.g. stem cell engineering, correction of
| + | |
| - | epigenetic abnormalities in cancer cells).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>To create cells with
| + | |
| - | highly digital computational capabilities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>To study chromatin
| + | |
| - | spreading mechanism in a quantitative and controlled way.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><b>Q. Could
| + | |
| - | this type of yeast synthetic chromatin control system be utilized in other cell
| + | |
| - | types, including mammalian cells?<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><b><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><b>A. Yes,
| + | |
| - | the approach should be transferable.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> | + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Core elements of this
| + | |
| - | system are: initiator, covalent mark, spreading (polymerization).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>In <i>S. cerevisiae</i></span><span
| + | |
| - | style='font-size:11.0pt'>, covalent mark is deacetylation–we use an
| + | |
| - | initiator (LexA-Sir2) that when localized deacetylates adjacent histones.<span
| + | |
| - | style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>This leads to further recruitment of
| + | |
| - | Sir2, which propagates the mark outward. Deacetylated chromatin adopts a
| + | |
| - | “closed” conformation. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <p class=MsoListBullet2 style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo5;
| + | |
| - | tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
| + | |
| - | font-family:Symbol'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| - | </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>For higher eukaryotes,
| + | |
| - | from <i>S. pombe</i></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> to human, the
| + | |
| - | covalent mark is methylation, initiator is a histone methyltransferase. But in
| + | |
| - | principle, a similar system should work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">
| + | |
| - | </span>Same logical design, with different catalytic functions propagating
| + | |
| - | spread.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
| + | |
| - | | + | |
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A. As in 2007, the majority of our 2008 team comes from Abraham Lincoln High, a San Francisco public school. This year, we had two returning students (now undergraduates) from the 2007 team. In addition, we were able to recruit two international students, who were both upper level undergraduates.
A. Yes. While most high school seniors would not be prepared to take part in iGEM, our students come from the unique Lincoln High Biotechnology class. This course, established by George Cachiannes, and co-taught by Julie Reis, is an intensive, two-year introduction to molecular biology and the business of biotech (curriculum can be found here). George and Julie select top students from this course to join the team.
The key to our high school students’ success in iGEM is that they arrive at UCSF with lab skills equivalent to those of many upper-level undergraduates. While they have not had the advanced coursework of many iGEM participants, they have exceptional creativity, and gravitate towards the engineering challenge that iGEM presents. To round out the experience, we meet weekly for seminars on project-related topics in biology, hold regular journal club discussions, and the students give a number of presentations in preparation for speaking at iGEM.
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