Team:Imperial College/Motility

From 2008.igem.org

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=== Motility Analysis ===
=== Motility Analysis ===
{{Imperial/Box2|Approach|
{{Imperial/Box2|Approach|
-
As part of our chasis characterisation process, we have decided to model ''B. subtilis'' motility. In order to do this, the approach illustrated below was taken. The first phase of modelling involved data collection using microscopy techniques and cell tracking. Collected data was then analysed using algorithms which enabled us to extract distributions of parameters as defined in our model.
+
As part of our chassis characterisation process, we have decided to model ''B. subtilis'' motility. In order to do this, the approach illustrated below was taken. The first phase of modelling involved data collection using microscopy techniques and cell tracking. Collected data were then analysed using algorithms which enabled us to extract distributions of parameters as defined in our model.
[[Image:Approach.jpg|450px|center]]
[[Image:Approach.jpg|450px|center]]
 +
<center>''From Data Collection to Data Analysis''</center><br>
===== Materials =====
===== Materials =====
-
[[Image:BSub-2.gif|right|250px]]
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[[Image:GFP2.gif|<center>''Expression of GFP by Motile B.subtilis''</center>|frame|right|250px]]
We used the Zeiss Axiovert 200 inverted microscope and Improvision Volocity acquisition software. This system offers a full incubation chamber with temperature control and a highly sensitive 1300x1000 pixel camera for fast low-light imaging. Video images are captured into memory by the system at a basal video frame rate of 16.3Hz. This can be further increased to 27.9Hz by performing x4 binning.  
We used the Zeiss Axiovert 200 inverted microscope and Improvision Volocity acquisition software. This system offers a full incubation chamber with temperature control and a highly sensitive 1300x1000 pixel camera for fast low-light imaging. Video images are captured into memory by the system at a basal video frame rate of 16.3Hz. This can be further increased to 27.9Hz by performing x4 binning.  
A short video of swimming ''B. subtilis'' is shown:
A short video of swimming ''B. subtilis'' is shown:
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===== Method =====
===== Method =====
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In order to choose suitable tracking software, we generated a synthetic video and applied tracking algorithms to the data. We then assessed the reliability, validity and errors associated with the various tracking methods. We chose manual tracking as our method of tracking due to its high reliability and acceptable error.  
+
In order to choose suitable tracking software, we generated a synthetic video and applied tracking algorithms to the data. We then assessed the reliability, validity and errors associated with the various tracking methods. We chose manual tracking as our method of tracking due to its high reliability and tolerable error.  
-
[[Team:Imperial_College/Validation| '''>>> Details >>>''']]
+
[[Team:Imperial_College/Validation|'''>>> Details >>>''']]
-
We manually tracked motile ''B. subtilis'', obtaining two-dimensional coordinate data points which describes by the trajectory of the cells. The open source tracking software can be found [http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/plugins/track/track.html '''here'''].  
+
We manually tracked motile ''B. subtilis'', obtaining two-dimensional coordinate data points which are described by the trajectory of the cells. The open source tracking software can be found <html><a target="_blank" href="http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/plugins/track/track.html">here</a></html>.  
===== Data Extraction =====
===== Data Extraction =====
-
The coordinate data obtained was then fed into algorithms to model cell trajectory and motility. Algorithms used to extract motility data and fit cell trajectory data to models can be found in the [https://2008.igem.org/Team:Imperial_College/Appendices '''appendices''']|}}
+
The coordinate data obtained were then fed into algorithms to model cell trajectory and motility. Algorithms used to extract motility data and fit cell trajectory data to models can be found in the appendices section.|}}
{{Imperial/Box1|Motility Model|
{{Imperial/Box1|Motility Model|
-
A simple mechanical model was developed by taking an analogy of ''B. subtilis'' propelled by its flagellum with that of a boat propelled by its motor. As the bacteria swims in the medium, it experiences two opposing forces: the flagellum force and drag force provided by the liquid medium. The drag force is analagous to friction which opposes the forward motion of objects on solid surfaces. The mechnical model is illustrated below:
+
A simple mechanical model was developed by taking an analogy of ''B. subtilis'' propelled by its flagellum with that of a boat propelled by its motor. As the bacteria swims in the medium, it experiences two opposing forces: the flagellar force which propels it forward and drag force provided by the viscosity of the liquid medium. The drag force is analagous to friction which opposes the forward motion of objects on solid surfaces. The mechanical model is illustrated below:
-
[[Image:Mechanical_Model.jpg|300px|center]] <br>
+
[[Image:Mechanical_Model.jpg|300px|center]]  
 +
<center>''Mechanical Model of Motile B.subtilis''</center><br>
-
From the figure above, we equate the drag force and flagellum force to obtain:
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From the figure above, we equate the drag force and flagellar force to obtain:
[[Image:Sum_of_Forces.JPG|150px|center]]<br>
[[Image:Sum_of_Forces.JPG|150px|center]]<br>
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[[Image:Parameter.JPG|250px|center]]<br>
[[Image:Parameter.JPG|250px|center]]<br>
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In this model, we attempt to obtain a distribution for the flagellar force, which is represented by parameter ''A''. We assume that the medium is homogenous and the drag coefficient is constant throughout the medium, hence the distribution of flagellar force will be sufficiently be described by parameter A.|}}
+
*Parameter ''A'' is the ratio of flagellar force to medium viscosity. It also represents the velocity of the cell after a sufficiently long time has elapsed, given that the flagellar force remains constant throughout its run.
 +
*Parameter ''B'' is the initial cell velocity - in practice, the velocity as we started to track the cell
 +
*Parameter ''alpha'' is the ratio of the medium viscosity to the cell's mass.  
 +
 
 +
As is widely known, the movement of bacteria is not that simple. Many bacteria have two distinct modes of movement: forward movement (swimming) and tumbling ({{ref|1}}). Tumbling allows them to reorientate, thus making their movement a three-dimensional random walk.
 +
 
 +
Our mechanical model can be used to analyse the swimming movement of bacteria with a few extra assumptions:
 +
*The medium is homogenous and its viscosity is constant throughout the medium.
 +
*The swimming movement is made up of a finite number of trajectories that can be modelled with our mechanical model. Such an assumption corresponds to the idea that the bacteria's flagellum propels it in a constant direction for a certain period of time and then propels in a different direction with a different force, for another period of time and so on.
 +
*The movement of the bacteria is very smooth, which indicates continuity of its position and velocity.
 +
<br>
 +
Given the random motion of bacteria, the outcome to such modelling will be the probability distribution of the model parameters and the time between changes of flagellar force.
 +
|}}
{{Imperial/Box1|Results|
{{Imperial/Box1|Results|
-
During the model fitting process, we modelled the motility of ''B. subtilis'' to have a maximum of two runs. We keep the value of parameter alpha constant since it is a ratio of the drag coefficient to the mass. We then let the final velocity of the cell's first run to be equivalent to parameter ''B'' the initial velocity of the cell's second run. Hence the parameter which is allowed to change is parameter ''A'', the ratio of flagellum force to drag coefficient of the medium.  
+
In the course of our project, we mainly focused on obtaining the flagellar force, which is associated with the parameter A. <br>
-
The following figure shows the results of our model fitting. We have introduced a change in flagellar force at certain points of the cell trajectory so as to achieve a better fit. A maximum of two runs were allowed for each cell trajectory.
+
During the model fitting process, we modelled the motility of ''B. subtilis'' to have a maximum of two runs. Modelling the a cell with only a single run is relatively straightforward as it only generates a single set of parameters. When modelling a cell with two runs, we keep the value of parameter ''alpha'' constant since it is the ratio of viscosity to mass. We then let the final velocity of the cell's first run to be equal to parameter ''B'', the initial velocity of the cell's second run. The parameter which is allowed to change is parameter ''A'', the ratio of flagellar force to viscosity of the medium.  
 +
<br>
-
[[Image:Fitted_Models.jpg|700px|center]]<br>
+
The following figure shows the results of our model fitting for few trajectories. We have introduced a change in flagellar force at certain points of the cell trajectory so as to achieve a better fit. The data fits our model very well, sometimes surprisingly so, given the simplicity of our model. However, some results also suggest that a third or a fourth change of flagellar force would contribute to a better fit.
 +
<br>
-
The MATLAB Distribution Fitting Tool was used to model the distribution of parameter A. Parameter A was found to be exponentially distributed. The following figures describe the probability density function and cumulative density function.
+
In general, the choice of the change of flagellar force is a very complex problem. Automatic detection can certainly be developed but we lacked time to look into such a solution. Instead we opted for the highly subjective manual detection of these changes.  
-
[[Image:Exponential_Distribution_for_Parameter_A_PDF.jpg|450px|center]]<br>
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{{{Pipe}} border{{Equals}}"0" cellpadding{{Equals}}"5" cellspacing{{Equals}}"0" align{{Equals}}"center" style{{Equals}}"background-color:transparent;color:#2B48B3;"
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[[Image:Exponential_Distribution_for_Parameter_A_CDF.jpg|450px|center]]<br> |}}
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{{Pipe}}-
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{{Pipe}}[[Image:Fitted_Models.jpg|800px|center]]
 +
{{Pipe}}-
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{{Pipe}}<center>''Fitted Models with Experimental Data from 4 Cells</center>''
 +
{{Pipe}}-
 +
{{Pipe}}}
 +
The MATLAB Distribution Fitting Tool was used to model the distribution of the amplitude of parameter ''A''.
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
The amplitude of parameter ''A'' is very interesting since it represents both the flagellar force and the velocity of the cell after a sufficiently long time has elapsed. The following figures describe the probability density function and cumulative density function. <br>
 +
 
 +
The distribution was found to be close to an exponential distribution. This is rather surprising as we would have expected a Maxwell distribution instead, similar to how the velocities of gas molecules are distributed. This could be due to the practical difficulty in determining with accuracy the changes of flagellar push and the consequent loss of accuracy in the extraction of the model parameters.
 +
 
 +
{{{Pipe}} border{{Equals}}"0" cellpadding{{Equals}}"5" cellspacing{{Equals}}"0" align{{Equals}}"center" style{{Equals}}"background-color:transparent;color:#2B48B3;"
 +
{{Pipe}}-
 +
{{Pipe}}[[Image:Exponential_Distribution_for_Parameter_A_PDF.jpg|382px|center]]
 +
{{Pipe}}[[Image:Exponential_Distribution_for_Parameter_A_CDF.jpg|400px|center]]
 +
{{Pipe}}-
 +
{{Pipe}}<center>''Probability Distribution for Parameter A''</center>
 +
{{Pipe}}<center>''Cumulative Distribution for Parameter A''</center>
 +
{{Pipe}}-
 +
{{Pipe}}}
 +
|}}
{{Imperial/Box2|Conclusion|
{{Imperial/Box2|Conclusion|
-
From our model fitting process, we can see that flagellum force is exponentially distributed. Our mechanical model though simple, fits the cell trajectory data extremely well as shown in the figure above. Further work which can be done would be to utilise a movable stage to track the movement of ''B. subtilis'' over its entire run so as to obtain a distribution of other motility parameters associated running and tumbling events. |}}
+
From our model fitting process, we can see that flagellar force is exponentially distributed. Our mechanical model though simple, fits the cell trajectory data extremely well as shown in the figure above. Further work would involve the use of a movable stage to track the movement of ''B. subtilis'' over its entire run, so as to obtain a distribution of other motility parameters associated with running and tumbling events.
 +
 
 +
===== References =====
 +
#{{FormatRef|H C Berg ­|1975|Chemotaxis in Bacteria|Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering Vol.4|119-136||}}
 +
<br>|}}
{{Imperial/EndPage|Genetic Circuit|Appendices}}
{{Imperial/EndPage|Genetic Circuit|Appendices}}

Latest revision as of 03:14, 30 October 2008


Motility Analysis

Approach

As part of our chassis characterisation process, we have decided to model B. subtilis motility. In order to do this, the approach illustrated below was taken. The first phase of modelling involved data collection using microscopy techniques and cell tracking. Collected data were then analysed using algorithms which enabled us to extract distributions of parameters as defined in our model.

Approach.jpg
From Data Collection to Data Analysis

Materials
Expression of GFP by Motile B.subtilis

We used the Zeiss Axiovert 200 inverted microscope and Improvision Volocity acquisition software. This system offers a full incubation chamber with temperature control and a highly sensitive 1300x1000 pixel camera for fast low-light imaging. Video images are captured into memory by the system at a basal video frame rate of 16.3Hz. This can be further increased to 27.9Hz by performing x4 binning. A short video of swimming B. subtilis is shown:

Method

In order to choose suitable tracking software, we generated a synthetic video and applied tracking algorithms to the data. We then assessed the reliability, validity and errors associated with the various tracking methods. We chose manual tracking as our method of tracking due to its high reliability and tolerable error.

>>> Details >>>

We manually tracked motile B. subtilis, obtaining two-dimensional coordinate data points which are described by the trajectory of the cells. The open source tracking software can be found here.

Data Extraction

The coordinate data obtained were then fed into algorithms to model cell trajectory and motility. Algorithms used to extract motility data and fit cell trajectory data to models can be found in the appendices section.


Motility Model

A simple mechanical model was developed by taking an analogy of B. subtilis propelled by its flagellum with that of a boat propelled by its motor. As the bacteria swims in the medium, it experiences two opposing forces: the flagellar force which propels it forward and drag force provided by the viscosity of the liquid medium. The drag force is analagous to friction which opposes the forward motion of objects on solid surfaces. The mechanical model is illustrated below:

Mechanical Model.jpg
Mechanical Model of Motile B.subtilis

From the figure above, we equate the drag force and flagellar force to obtain:

Sum of Forces.JPG

Solving this first order ODE, we derive an expression for cell velocity:

Velocity.JPG, where Para 1.JPG

Solving the first order ODE for displacement, we derive an expression for cell trajectory:

Displacement.JPG

Using our fitted data, we are able to determine parameters:

Parameter.JPG

  • Parameter A is the ratio of flagellar force to medium viscosity. It also represents the velocity of the cell after a sufficiently long time has elapsed, given that the flagellar force remains constant throughout its run.
  • Parameter B is the initial cell velocity - in practice, the velocity as we started to track the cell
  • Parameter alpha is the ratio of the medium viscosity to the cell's mass.

As is widely known, the movement of bacteria is not that simple. Many bacteria have two distinct modes of movement: forward movement (swimming) and tumbling (1). Tumbling allows them to reorientate, thus making their movement a three-dimensional random walk.

Our mechanical model can be used to analyse the swimming movement of bacteria with a few extra assumptions:

  • The medium is homogenous and its viscosity is constant throughout the medium.
  • The swimming movement is made up of a finite number of trajectories that can be modelled with our mechanical model. Such an assumption corresponds to the idea that the bacteria's flagellum propels it in a constant direction for a certain period of time and then propels in a different direction with a different force, for another period of time and so on.
  • The movement of the bacteria is very smooth, which indicates continuity of its position and velocity.


Given the random motion of bacteria, the outcome to such modelling will be the probability distribution of the model parameters and the time between changes of flagellar force.


Results

In the course of our project, we mainly focused on obtaining the flagellar force, which is associated with the parameter A.

During the model fitting process, we modelled the motility of B. subtilis to have a maximum of two runs. Modelling the a cell with only a single run is relatively straightforward as it only generates a single set of parameters. When modelling a cell with two runs, we keep the value of parameter alpha constant since it is the ratio of viscosity to mass. We then let the final velocity of the cell's first run to be equal to parameter B, the initial velocity of the cell's second run. The parameter which is allowed to change is parameter A, the ratio of flagellar force to viscosity of the medium.

The following figure shows the results of our model fitting for few trajectories. We have introduced a change in flagellar force at certain points of the cell trajectory so as to achieve a better fit. The data fits our model very well, sometimes surprisingly so, given the simplicity of our model. However, some results also suggest that a third or a fourth change of flagellar force would contribute to a better fit.

In general, the choice of the change of flagellar force is a very complex problem. Automatic detection can certainly be developed but we lacked time to look into such a solution. Instead we opted for the highly subjective manual detection of these changes.

Fitted Models.jpg
Fitted Models with Experimental Data from 4 Cells

The MATLAB Distribution Fitting Tool was used to model the distribution of the amplitude of parameter A.

The amplitude of parameter A is very interesting since it represents both the flagellar force and the velocity of the cell after a sufficiently long time has elapsed. The following figures describe the probability density function and cumulative density function.

The distribution was found to be close to an exponential distribution. This is rather surprising as we would have expected a Maxwell distribution instead, similar to how the velocities of gas molecules are distributed. This could be due to the practical difficulty in determining with accuracy the changes of flagellar push and the consequent loss of accuracy in the extraction of the model parameters.

Exponential Distribution for Parameter A PDF.jpg
Exponential Distribution for Parameter A CDF.jpg
Probability Distribution for Parameter A
Cumulative Distribution for Parameter A

Conclusion

From our model fitting process, we can see that flagellar force is exponentially distributed. Our mechanical model though simple, fits the cell trajectory data extremely well as shown in the figure above. Further work would involve the use of a movable stage to track the movement of B. subtilis over its entire run, so as to obtain a distribution of other motility parameters associated with running and tumbling events.

References
  1. H C Berg ­ (1975) Chemotaxis in Bacteria - Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering Vol.4 119-136