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Testing the transfection protocol

In order to check if the transfection protocol is suitable to transfect 293T cells a 'test'transfection with a lac z gene was done and the β-galactosidase was detected with an ONPG test.

ONPG-assay:


Table 1_Transfection: Absorbance of o-Nitrophenol produced by the β-galactosidase

Graph 1_Transfection: Absorbance of o-Nitrophenol produced by the β-galactosidase (Control was done with untransfected cells using the same procedure)

Testing the transfectionvector-CMV promoter construct

To test the functionality of the transfectionvector and the CMV-promoter, YFP was cloned behind the promoter and the plasmid was brought into 293T cells. The detection of YFP took place 1 day later under a microscope with YFP filter.
The transfected cells show fluorescence by excitation of 510-520nm while the untransfected remain dark at this wavelength


Figure 1_Transfection: transfected 293T cells (left), untransfected cells (middle) and transfected cells transmitted light (right)

Localization at the cell membrane

To show the localization of the constructs at the cell membrane transfection of the construct signalpeptide-Lipocalin-transmembraneregion-betaLactamase1-YFP was performed.
Figure 2_Transfection shows the configuration of the construct. Lipocalin, the fluorescein binding Anticalin, exhibits the extracellular part of the construct. The transmembrane region is appropriate to that of the EGF-receptor erbb1. Split-beta-Lactamase, the intracellular part is labeled to the yellow fluorescent protein to detect membrane localization.


Figure 2_Transfection: Structure of the signalpeptide-Lipocalin-transmembraneregion-betaLactamase1-YFP construct. Extracellular: Lipocalin, GGGSlinker; Transmembrane: transmembraneregion of the EGF-receptor; Intracellular: Split-beta-Lactamase1, YFP.

Membranelocalization of the construct signalpeptide-Lipocalin-transmembraneregion-betaLactamase1-YFP is visible in transfected 293T cells (Figure 3_Transfection). The fluorescence of the cells is most likely restricted to the cellmembrane which confirms the assembly of the construct in the cytoplasmamembrane.
In comparison, 293T cells transfected with the construct transfectionvector-CMV-YFP show a uniformly distributed fluorescence all-over the cell (Figure 4_Transfection A and B).
Transfection with the construct transfectionvector-CMV-CFP as well results in completely fluorescent cells (Figure 4_Transfection C and D).


Figure 3_Transfection: 293T cells transfected with signalpeptide-Lipocalin-transmembraneregion-betaLactamase1-YFP.


Figure 4_Transfection: 293T cells transfected with transfectionvector-CMV-YFP (A and B); 293T cells transfected with transfectionvector-CMV-CFP (C and D)

Double transfections with Splitfluorophor-/Splitenzyme-constructs

On Figure 5_Transfection the structures of the signalpeptide-Lipocalin-transmembraneregion-nCFP and signalpeptide-Lipocalin-transmembraneregion-fluolinker-cCFP constructs are visible (exemplary for the Splitfluorophore-/Splitenzyme-constructs). The extracellular fragment is build of Lipocalin (fluorescein binding Anticalin) and a GGGSLinker. Intracellular either the N-terminal part or the C-terminal part of the splitfluorophore is fused to the transmembrane region of the EGF-receptor. To achieve more flexibility and to support the assembly of the two splitfluorophore parts a fluolinker is fused in between the transmembrane region and the C-terminal part of the splitfluorophores.


Figure 5_Transfection: structures of the signalpeptide-Lipocalin-transmembraneregion-nCFP and signalpeptide-Lipocalin-transmembraneregion-fluolinker-cCFP constructs

Adding fluorescein-coupled molecules leads to a clustering of the Lipocalin constructs due to the fluorescein-Lipocalin-binding (Similarly Nip-coupled molecules, for instance Nip-coupled DNA origamis, lead to a clustering of Nip constructs). The clustering of the constructs in turn results in an assembly of the splitfluorophores or splitenzymes and therefore creates a functional protein (Figure 6_Transfection).


Figure 6_Transfection: clustering and assembly of the signalpeptide-Lipocalin-transmembraneregion-nYFP and signalpeptide-Lipocalin-transmembraneregion-fluolinker-cYFP constructs


METHODS _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Transfection of 293T cells
One day before transfection cells were counted in the Neubauer chamber and 6*10^4 cells/cm² were seeded in 6 well plates. Approximately 1 hour before transfection cells were washed with 1xPBS and fresh DMEM medium was added. For transfection 2µg of DNA were mixed with 25µl CaCl2 and ddH2O was filled up to 250µl. After an incubation on ice for 20 min 250µl BBS (2x) were added. This mixture was given to the cells and after 4-12 hours cells were washed and fresh medium was added.

ONPG Test
Transfection was performed with a lac z gene using the transfection protocol described above. After 48h one part of the cells was harvested by washing them in PBS and scraping them off. Then the cells were centrifuged at 13000rpm for 2 min and the PBS was replaced by 500µl lysisbuffer (1x). Incubation took place at -80°C for 20min. After thawing the solution was vortexed, spun down and the supernatant was frozen at -20°C. The same procedure was done with the rest of the cells one day later (68h). Then 20µl of each lysate was given to 130µl reactionbuffer (incl. ONPG) letting the mixture incubate for 1h at 37°C. Measurement was done using the ELISA-reader at 405nm.